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Marcel Mauss (; 10 May 1872 – 10 February 1950) was a French sociologist. The nephew of Émile Durkheim, Mauss's academic work traversed the boundaries between sociology and anthropology. Today, he is perhaps better recognised for his influence on the latter discipline, particularly with respect to his analyses of topics such as magic, sacrifice and gift exchange in different cultures around the world. Mauss had a significant influence upon Claude Lévi-Strauss, the founder of structural anthropology.〔Barth, Fredrik (2005). ''One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology''. University of Chicago Press, p. 208, Quote: "Marcel Mauss’ two most influential followers were Claude Levi-Strauss (b. 1908) and Louis Dumont (1911-1998). The impact of his work on both of them was strong.”〕 His most famous book is ''The Gift'' (1925). ==Background== Mauss was born in Épinal, Vosges to a Jewish family, and studied philosophy at Bordeaux, where his maternal uncle Émile Durkheim was teaching at the time. He passed the ''agrégation'' in 1893. He was also first cousin of the much younger Claudette (née Raphael) Bloch, a marine biologist and mother of Maurice Bloch, who became a noted anthropologist.〔Muhammad Aurang Zeb Mughal (2013) ("Bloch, Maurice" ). Reece Jon McGee and Richard L. Warms (eds), ''Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia'', Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 77-88.〕 Instead of taking the usual route of teaching at a lycée following college, Mauss moved to Paris and took up the study of comparative religion and Sanskrit. His first publication in 1896 marked the beginning of a prolific career that would produce several landmarks in the sociological literature. Like many members of ''Année Sociologique'' Mauss was attracted to socialism, particularly that espoused by Jean Jaurès. He was particularly active in the events of the Dreyfus affair. Towards the end of the century, he helped edit such left-wing papers as ''Le Populaire'', ''L'Humanité'' and ''Le Mouvement socialiste'', the last in collaboration with Georges Sorel. In 1901 Mauss took up a chair in the 'history of religion and uncivilized peoples' at the ''École pratique des hautes études'' (EPHE), one of the grandes écoles in Paris. It was at this time that he began drawing more on ethnography, and his work began to develop characteristics now associated with formal anthropology. The years of World War I were absolutely devastating for Mauss. Many of his friends and colleagues died in the war, and his uncle Durkheim died shortly before its end. Politically the postwar years were also difficult for Mauss. Durkheim had made changes to school curricula across France, and after his death a backlash against his students began. Like many other followers of Durkheim, Mauss took refuge in administration. He secured Durkheim's legacy by founding institutions to carry out directions of research, such as ''l'Institut Français de Sociologie'' (1924) and ''l'Institut d'Ethnologie'' in 1926. Among students he influenced was George Devereux, later an influential anthropologist who combined ethnology with psychoanalysis. In 1931 Mauss took up the chair of Sociology at the Collège de France. He actively fought against anti-semitism and racial politics both before and after World War II. He died in 1950. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marcel Mauss」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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